Dugong

 

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Dugong | The word "dugong" derives from the Tagalog term dugong which was in turn borrowed from Malay Duyung, and means "lady of the sea". Other common names include the local "sea cow", "dolphin" and "sea camel". Dugong dugon Dugongidae only surviving species of the family, and one of four extant species of the order Sirenia, the other the formation of a manatee family. Dugongs and elephants share a monophyletic group of hyraxes, and anteater, a first branch of eutherians. There are fossils of other members of Dugongidae Molecular studies were done on populations of dugongs using mitochondrial DNA. Australia has two distinct maternal lines, one of which contains a dugong from Africa and Arabia.

Dugongs are in the warm waters of the western sea coast of the Pacific Ocean on the east coast of Africa, about 140,000 km (86.992 miles) of coast between 26 ° and 27 ° degrees north and south of the equator. Dugong is the only strictly herbivorous mammals, as well as all types of manatees using fresh water to a certain extent. Dugong populations exist in water from 37 countries and territories. At the end of 1960, the herd of 500 dugongs were observed off the coast of East Africa and nearby islands.

On theb of the Red Sea is home to large populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are deemed to exist on the west side. In 1980 it was estimated, could not be more than 4000 dugongs in Red Sea. Persian Gulf, has the second largest dugong population in the world, occupying most of the southern coast, and the current population is believed to be about 7500. A very isolated population exists in the Gulf of Kutch, the only remaining population in western India. It is 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) from the population in the Gulf, and 1,700 km (1056 miles) from the nearest population in India.  small population exists around the Nansei Shoto Islands, and the population of pre-existing with Taiwan. Population in danger of not more than 50 dugongs survives around Okinawa A small population in south China, around the island of Hainan. 

Gulf of Thailand is also used to have a large population, but were not observed in the western part of the bay, and the population in the East is very small. Dugongs are believed to exist in the Straits of Johor in very small quantities. The waters around the island of Borneo to support a small population, with more scattered around the Malay archipelago. Population exists in the archipelago of the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia, which extends to the western population in Vanuatu. This is an isolated population living around the islands of Palau.

Australia is home to the largest population, which extends from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in Queensland. The population of Shark Bay is considered stable with more than 10,000 dugongs. Smaller populations along the coast, including Ashmore Reef. A large number of dugongs living north of the Northern Territory, with a population over 20,000 in the Gulf of Carpentaria alone. The Great Barrier Reef provides important feeding areas for the species, this barrier is part of a stable population of about 10,000, although the concentration of the population has changed over time. Large bay on the north coast of Queensland provide significant habitat of dugongs in the southern Moreton Bay and Hervey Bay. Dugongs are usually found in warmer waters along the coast with many concentrated in the large bays and surface protection.

Deep water can provide a thermal refuge from cooler waters near the coast during the winter. Dugongs are long lived, and the old sample recorded under the age of 73. A large number of infectious and parasitic diseases affect dugongs. 30% of dugong deaths in Queensland in 1996, believed to be due to illness. Meeting hundreds of dugongs sometimes occur, but they last only for a short period of time. Because they are shy and do not approach people, little is known about dugong behavior. Dugongs are semi-nomadic way of life, often traveling long distances in search of food, but stay within a certain range of his life. Dugong movements mainly occur in a localized area of sea grass beds and animals of the same region show the individualistic model of the movement.

In areas where there is a great tide, dugongs to travel downstream to access areas of shallow power. In Moreton Bay dugongs move frequently between feeding grounds in the Gulf and the ocean waters warm. At high latitudes, dugongs make seasonal trips to reach the warm waters in winter. Sometimes dugongs to travel long distance for many days, and can overcome the deep ocean waters. Even if they are sea creatures, dugongs are known to be at a distance of 2.7 km (1.7 miles) to the streams, and in one case the dugong was captured at 15 kilometers (9.3 miles), the stream near Cooktown Dugongs reach sexual maturity between eight to eighteen years older than most other mammals. There is evidence that men lose their fertility of dugongs in the elderly.

Mating behavior varies among populations located in different areas. In some populations, males establish a territory of females in heat will be visiting. Women give birth after 13-15 months of pregnancy, usually only one calf. The birth takes place in very shallow waters, with the known cases in which mothers were almost on the beach. Newborns are already 1.2 meters (4 feet) long and weigh about 30 kilograms (66 pounds). For the population to remain stable, 95 percent of the adult population to survive in a period of one year. Estimated percentage of women can kill people without depleting the population is 1-2%. Even under the best conditions of the population is unlikely to increase by over 5% a year, leaving the dugong vulnerable to over exploitation.

Survey of dugongs and consequences of human activities on them has been limited, mainly occurs in Australia. In many countries, dugong numbers have not even been examined. Regional cooperation is important in relation to a wide distribution of animals, and in 1998 there was strong support for South-East Asian cooperation to protect the dugong. Kenya has approved a law banning the hunting of dugongs and restriction of trawling, but the dugong is listed in the law of Kenya's wildlife, endangered species. Mozambique was a law on protection of dugongs in 1955, but not effectively implemented. United Arab Emirates banned the hunting of dugongs in the waters, as well as Bahrain.

India and Sri Lanka to ban the hunting and sale of dugongs and their products. Japan has listed dugongs in the Red Book, and banned the deliberate killing and intimidation. Palau law to protect the dugong, even if it is not controlled and poaching continues. Dugong is the national animal of Papua New Guinea, which prohibits all hunting, but traditional. Vanuatu and New Caledonia, the prohibition of hunting dugongs. Dugongs are protected in Australia, although the rules vary by state, in some areas of indigenous hunting is allowed. Dugongs are listed under the Nature Conservation Act, in the Australian state of Queensland as vulnerable. Most live in marine parks already established, where the boat should be performed at a limited speed and limited fishing nets

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Penguin

 

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Penguin | The etymology of the word "penguin" is still debated.  Some dictionaries propose a derivation from Welsh pen "head" and Gwyn, "white", including the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary American Heritage Dictionary and Merriam-Webster century, arguing that the name was originally applied to Auk, and because it was found at White Head Island (Pen Gwyn Welsh) in Newfoundland, or because they are white circles around the eyes had. In Dutch the word penguin is an alternative to the "Fat Cat" and give this bird got its name from its appearance felt.

Moreover, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes of taxa of flying, and set equal to the phylogenetic taxon PANSPHENISCIFORMES Sphenisciformes Linnean taxon, including any flying basal "proto-penguins" to discover at the end. Since no mention of penguin subfamilies to each other or the positioning of the penguins in the avian phylogeny currently resolved, is clearly fixed Linnean system here follows. The evolutionary history of penguins is well studied and is a showcase of evolutionary biogeography, although, like the bones of the penguins of a species vary greatly in size and a few good examples are known, the alpha taxonomy of many prehistoric forms late much to be desired. Some groundbreaking articles about penguin prehistory have been published since 2005, the evolution of the living genera are now considered resolved.

The basal penguins lived around the time of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction sometime in the (southern) New Zealand and Byrd Land, Antarctica. This genus has a distribution focused on Antarctic coasts and barely extends to some subantarctic islands today. Pygoscelis contains species with a fairly simple black-white model of the head, its distribution is intermediate, focused on the Antarctic coast, but extending somewhat "north of there.

Any lack of carotenoid color, and the first general model has a big head bands, but are unique among the penguins that live in burrows of nesting. This group probably radiated eastwards with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current outside the ancestral range of modern penguins in the Chattian (late Oligocene) of about 28 million years ago. The Megadyptes of Eudyptes clade occurs at the same latitude, although not as far north as the Galapagos Penguin), the highest diversity in the region of New Zealand, and represent a westward spread.

With habitats on the coasts of Antarctica in the fall of Priabonian more hospitable conditions for most of the penguins in the subantarctic regions rather than in Antarctica itself. The emergence of most species of subantarctic penguins almost certainly caused by this series of Neogene climate change. Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu remains unknown and not easily solved by molecular or morphological analysis. What seems clear that penguins belong to a clade of Neoaves (except birds and birds that live paleognaths), that what is called "higher waterbirds" to distinguish them from the oldest waterfowl covers.

Some think that the penguin plotopterids similar (usually considered relatives of anhingas and cormorants) may actually have a sister group of penguins, and penguins can eventually shared a common ancestor with PELECANIFORMES and therefore should have been included in this order, or that the plotopterids not closer to the other pelecaniforms as commonly used, where the distribution of traditional PELECANIFORMES would three is Penguins are superbly adapted to aquatic organisms. In the water, but penguins are astonishingly agile. Swim of the penguins is very similar to bird in the air. The layer of air also helps to isolate the birds in cold water. On land, penguins use their tails and wings to the balance for their upright position to maintain. All penguins are counter shaded to camouflage, have black backs and wings with white fronts.

Larger penguins can dive deep in case of emergency. The diving of the great emperor penguin recorded to a depth of 565 meters (1870 feet) to reach up to 22 minutes. Or Penguins waddle on their feet or slide on his belly through the snow, a movement called "slips", which saves energy while driving fast. Penguins have an average hearing for birds that are used by parents and chicks with one another in crowded colonies found. The Emperor penguin (the largest penguin) is the largest body mass of all penguins, which further reduces relative surface area and heat loss. The Auk of the Northern Hemisphere, now extinct, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word "penguin" was originally used for bird who, centuries ago. They are not related to the penguins at all, but are an example of convergent evolution.

 

Although all penguin species are from the southern hemisphere, are not found only in cold climates such as Antarctica. In reality, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. At least 10 species live in the temperate zone, one of the Galapagos penguin, lives in the north to the Galapagos Islands, but this is made possible only by the cold and rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt current around these islands. Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of the Bergmann rule, body with large populations living at higher latitudes than smaller populations body.

Large populations of penguins are in Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa Penguins breed for the most part in large colonies, with the exception of the species yellow eyes and Fiordland, these colonies range in size from a minimum of 100 pairs of Gentoo penguins, to several hundred thousand in the case of King, Macaroni and Chinstrap Penguins. Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds, which led to an extensive repertoire of visual and vocal expressions in all species of penguins. Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, even if the same pair recouples speed varies greatly. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, even if the two larger species, the emperor and king penguins, there was only one. With the exception of the Emperor Penguins, where the man does everything, all penguins share the incubation duties This incubation shifts can last for days and even weeks, as a member of the couple to feed the sea.

Penguins usually only one brood to offer, the exception is the little penguin, by two or three broods in a season to increase. Eggs penguin smaller than other species of birds than in proportion to the weight of the parent bird 52 g (2 oz), the small egg penguin 4.7% of the weight of the mothers, and 450 g (1 lb) Emperor Penguin egg is 2.3%. The shell is relatively thick between 10 and 16% of the weight of a penguin egg, presumably to reduce the risk of fracture in an unfavorable environment nesting.

When mothers lose a chick, who sometimes try to "steal" another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other women in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick in some species such as emperor penguins, the young penguins to gather in large groups called creches. Penguins seem to have no special fear of humans and have approached groups of explorers without hesitation. This is probably because the penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby offshore islands. Instead, penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as leopard seals. Generally no penguins closer than about 3 meters (10 ft) at which time they are nervous. This is also the distance that Antarctic tourists are told to avoid penguins 

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Elephant

 

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Elephant | Elephant and its variations are archaic spellings elephant. Besides elephants, is the word used to refer to ivory, elephant tusks, musical horns made of elephant tusks, or horns like a musical instrument like. The French word owes something to both Old High German olbenta "camel", and Latin elephantus "elephant", a word of Greek origin. The African Elephant genus contains two species and those species of the Asian elephant is the only remaining member of the Asian Elephant genus, but can be divided into four subspecies. The African and Asian elephants diverged from a common ancestor about 7.6 million years ago.

African elephants, two finger-shaped projections on the end of the stem, while the Asians have only one. Elephant's trunk is sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip branches of a tree. Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) possess teeth adapted for tearing and cutting plant material. However, except for children or sick, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and place it in your mouth. If the desired food is too high, the elephant wraps its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply to precipitate the tree altogether. Elephants suck water up the trunk to 14 liters (15 liters) at a time and then blow in the mouth. Elephants also strive for the water to spray on their body when bathing. Elephants greet family interwoven their tribes, like a handshake.

Elephants can defend very well by waving their trunks to prevent unwanted intruders or by grasping and throwing. An elephant is also dependent on the strain to his highly developed sense of smell. Some elephants have been plagued with floppy trunk syndrome. The tusks of an elephant, the second upper incisors. Tusks grow continuously, tusks of adult males grow to about 18 cm (7 inches) per year. Like people, mostly from the right or left, elephants are usually right and left canines. Both male and female African elephants have large tusks that can reach over 3 m (10 ft) long and weigh over 90 kg (200 €). In the Asian species, only males have large tusks. Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent.

The desire for elephant ivory is an important factor in reducing the elephant population in the world. Elephants are colloquially called pachyderms (from their original scientific classification), which means thick-skinned animals. The skin of an elephant is very difficult for most of his body and measures about 2.5 centimeters (1.0 inches) thick.  Flounder is an important behavior in elephant society. Although tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. Without regular mud baths to protect against sunburn, but also insect bites and moisture loss, the skin of an elephant suffering from severe damage. After bathing, the elephant uses its trunk is usually the ground to blow on his body to help dry and bake on its new protective layer.

Revolve also helps the skin in regulating body temperature. The elephants have difficulty releasing heat through the skin, because in proportion to body size, have very little. The mass ratio of an elephant to the skin surface is many times that a human being. The elephants have also been observed by increasing the legs to the soles of the feet to expose, probably in an attempt to more skin exposed to the air. Since wild elephants live in very warm climates, they need another way of getting rid of excess heat. The legs of an elephant are about the form of columns or pillars, as they should be in support of its mass. The elephant has less muscle strength to stand because of the straight legs and big feet are filled. Indian elephants, on the contrary, often lie.

The feet of an elephant are nearly round. African elephants have three nails on each hind foot and four on each front foot. Indian elephants have four nails on each hind foot and five on each front foot.  Under the weight of the elephant, the waves of the foot, but decreases when the weight is removed. An elephant can sink into the mud, but could easily pull his leg, because the feet become smaller when they are raised Elephants swim well, but can not trot, canter or jump. No "air phase", the fastest pace does not meet all performance criteria, such as elephants always have at least one foot on the ground. However, an elephant moving fast uses its legs as many other animals which are exported, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising, while the feet on the ground. In this step an elephant ten feet above the ground at once.  The tests at the Thai Elephant Conservation Centre will be given to the fast-moving elephants' run 'to show the front legs but walk' with the rear legs.

In tests at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center, the fastest elephants reached a top speed of 18 km / h (11 mph).  Spring-kinetic, such as may explain the difference between the movement of elephants and other animals. Large ears flapping of an elephant are also very important for the regulation of temperature. Elephant ears are made of a thin layer of skin over cartilage and dense network of blood vessels. On hot days, elephants fighting their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze.  The differences in size ears of African elephants and Asian countries can be explained partly by their geographical distribution.  Asians live farther north in cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears. If an elephant wants to intimidate a predator or rival, it will spread your ears wide as a more solid and impressive.  Joyce Poole, a well known elephant researcher, has theorized that the males fanning their ears in an attempt to help propel this "elephant Cologne" large distances Elephants live in a structured social order. The social life of male and female elephants are very different.

Adult men, on the other hand, usually live solitary life. The social circle of the female elephant does not stop at the small family.  When a group is too large, a part of the older daughters break off and form their own group of small size. The life of the adult male is very different.  While men live solitary lives in the first place, sometimes the form of free association with other males. These groups are called bachelor herds. The men spend much more time than women who fight for dominance with each other. Only the most dominant males will be allowed to mate with females in cycling. During the mating season, the battles are extremely aggressive, and occasionally an elephant wounded.  With a mass just over 5 kg (11 lb), elephant brains are larger than those of any other land animal.

A wide range of behaviors associated with intelligence are attributed to elephants, including those associated with pain, making music, art, altruism, allomothering, play, use of tools, compassion and self-awareness. The elephant is supposed to belong equally to the field of intelligence in cetaceans and nonhuman primates. The elephant brain is similar to that of humans in terms of structure and complexity, the brains of the elephant has a gyral pattern more complex and numerous convolutes, or folds of the brains, those of humans, primates or carnivores, but less complex than cetaceans.

 

Elephants do a number of sounds during the communication. Elephants are known for their great fanfare, that are created when the animal breathes through his nostrils.  Elephants have also rumble growls when saying goodbye.  Elephants can communicate over long distances by producing and receiving low frequency sound (infrasound), a sub-sonic rumbling which can travel through the air and the ground much further than higher frequencies.  The elimination presumably increase the ground contact and the sensitivity of the remaining legs. Pioneering research in elephant infra sound communication was done by Katy Payne, of the Elephant Listening Project, and is described in her book Silent Thunder.  Joyce Poole has also begun to decode elephant expressions that are included in many years of observation, in the hope of a lexicon based on a systematic catalog of elephant sounds.

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Koala

  

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Koala | The word koala comes from Dharuk gluttony. The scientific name of the genus of the koala, Phascolarctos, is derived from the Greek phaskolos "bag" and Arktos "Bear". Its species name, cinereus, is Latin for "ashen. Although the koala is a bear, English-speaking settlers in the late 18th Century for the first time he called koala bear, because of its resemblance to the bear. Other descriptive names based on English "bear" have monkey bear, native bear contain, bear, and structure.

Typical and New South Wales Koala weights are 12 kg (26 lb) for males and 8.5 kg (19 lb) for women. In tropical and subtropical Queensland, however, koalas small (less than about 6.5 kg (14 lb) to a male medium and a little more than 5 kg (11 pounds) of an average female), a gray, in most cases quite clear in color and has the wrong orientation shorter, thinner skin. In Queensland the Koala was previously classified as subspecies P. cinereus adustus, and the intermediate forms in New South Wales as P. cinereus cinereus. Koalas can be white and the skin, in rare cases by a recessive gene.

The origins of the koala are unclear, although they are descended from terrestrial wombat almost certainly-like animals. Koala fossils are very rare, but some were found in northern Australia dating to 20 million years ago. During this time, the northern half of Australia rain forest. The koala does not specialize on a diet of eucalyptus until the climate cooled and eucalypt forests grew in the place of rain forests. The fossil record shows that inhabited 50,000 years ago, giant koalas in the southern regions of Australia. The Koala fills the same ecological role as the sloth in South America

The koala is very similar in appearance to the wombat (its closest living relatives), but has a thick coat, large ears and longer limbs. The Koala has large sharp claws to help climb trees. Weight in the range of about 14 kg (31 lb) to a large male South, about 5 kg (11 pounds) of a small female north. The five fingers of koalas include two left thumbs, what better fixation capacity. The koala is one of the few mammals (except primates) that has fingerprints. The male Koala, like many marsupials, has a bifurcated penis. The brain in the ancestors of the modern Koala once filled the whole cranial cavity, but was a drastic reduction of the species, a degeneration scientists suspect that the adaptation to a diet low in energy.

There is little reliable information about the lives of koalas, but has been observed in captivity, reach the age of 18 years Females reach maturity at 2-3 years old, male 3-4 years. A healthy female koala can produce one young each year for over 12 years. The twins are very rare, were the world's first confirmed identical twin Koalas, named "EUCA" and "Lyptus", at the University of Queensland, born in April 1999. A baby koala is called a Joey, and is hairless, blind and without ears. Young women in the surrounding regions are distributed at this time, young men tend to be from the mother at home until they are two or three years.

The Koala lives almost entirely on eucalyptus leaves. Koalas can be aggressive with each other, play a paw around his opponent and bite, while the more aggressive behavior is short disputes. Dealing with koalas, they can stress and the question of aggression and stress management is a political issue in Australia. Koalas spend about three to eat their five active hours. Koalas eat an average of 500 grams (18 oz) of eucalyptus leaves each day, chewing them with powerful jaws to a very fine paste before swallowing.

The Koalas eat the leaves of a variety of eucalyptus, and occasionally even some species of eucalyptus, such as Acacia, Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Have strong preferences for certain types of eucalypt and these preferences vary from region to region: in the south Manna Gum, Blue Gum and Swamp Gum are favored; Grey Gum and Tallowwood are important in the north, and the ubiquitous River Red Gum isolated seasonal swamps and streams that can live on hikes through the dry inland plains of the koala in surprisingly arid areas. Many factors determine which of the 680 species of eucalyptus trees the Koala eats.  Among the trees of their favorite species, but the main factor that determines individual trees the Koala chooses is the concentration of a group called phenolic toxins formylated phloroglucinol compounds in research koalas by the owners of the 13 wildlife parks and zoos in New South Wales show that the preferred group of eucalyptus leaves to the lowest levels of condensed tannins had.

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Peacock

 

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Peacock | The male (peacock) Indian Peafowl has iridescent blue-green or green colored plumage. The peacock's tail ("train") is not the feathered tail feathers but highly elongated upper tail covert the springs. The "eyes" are best seen as the peacock fans its tail. The female (peahen) Indian Peafowl has a mixture of dull green, brown and gray in her plumage. The Green Peafowl shows except the peacock. Unlike the Indian peacock, the green peacock is similar to the man, but with shorter upper tail coverts and fewer colors. As with many birds, vibrant colors are not based in the first plumage pigments, but optical interference Bragg reflections at regular, periodic nanostructures of the barbules (fiber-like components) of the sources. Small changes in the distance results in different colors.

Color mutations exist through selective breeding, as the leucistic White Peacock and Black shoulder Peafowl Peacock are forest birds that nest on the ground, but rust in the trees. Both types of peacocks are probably polygamous. However, it is suggested that a green peacock peahens entry area really his own juvenile or sub-adult, young (KB Woods in lit., 2000) and the green peacock are really monogamous in the wild. The peacock is expanding its plumage to the peahen as he tries to make himself aware. Peacock are omnivorous and eat most parts of the plant, petals, seed pods, insects and other arthropods, reptiles and amphibians.

The peacock can descendants of birds caused by Hurricane Andrew on the Wings of Asia aviary be scattered at Miami Dade Parks and Zoological Gardens in 1992. In Hinduism, the peacock with Saraswati, a deity connected to kindness, patience, kindness, compassion and knowledge. Peacocks have a special relationship with Lord Krishna. He wears peacock feathers on the head, and combines them with his flute. These springs are given to it by the peacocks themselves. As Saraswati, the peacock is connected Kwan-yin in Asian spirituality. In Christianity, the peacock is a symbol of eternal life. Themes of renewal be linked alchemical traditions, like many other schools of thought, the resurrection of the Phoenix to compare today's Peacock. Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, the Yazidis name for the central figure of their faith.

In art and sculpture Melek Tawûsê like a peacock is shown. But peacocks are not from the countries where Tawûsê Melek is worshiped. In 1956, John J. Graham created an abstraction of an eleven-feathered peacock logo for the NBC. This brightly colored peacock was believed due to the increase in color programming. First NBC color broadcasts showed only a still image of the colorful peacock. NBC later, the slogan "We are proud as a peacock!" The current version of the logo debuted in 1986 and has six springs (yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green). A stylized peacock in full display is the logo for the Pakistan Television Corporation.

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Bee

 

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Bee | Bees play an important role in pollinating flowering plants, and are the major type of pollinators in ecosystems that contain flowering plants. Bees either focus on gathering nectar or pollen collection in line with demand, especially in social species. Bees collect nectar may accomplish pollination, but bees that are deliberately gathering pollen are more efficient pollinators.

Monoculture and the massive decline of many bee species (wild and domesticated) have increasingly caused honey bee keepers to become migratory so that bees can be concentrated in the seasonal variation in areas greater than the demand for pollination. Most bees are fuzzy and carry an electrostatic charge, which facilitates the adherence of pollen. Female bees periodically stop foraging and groom themselves to pack the pollen into the scopa, which is on the legs in most bees, and the ventral abdomen on others, and published in specialized pollen baskets on the legs of bees and their families.

A small number of plants produce nutritious floral oils rather than pollen, which is collected and used by bees oligolectic. A small subgroup of stingless bees, called "vulture bees", is specialized to feed on carrion, and these are the only bees that do not use plant products as food. In New Zealand scientists have discovered that three kinds of native bees have evolved to open flower buds of mistletoe native tetrapetala Peraxilla. Nowhere else in the world, the bees have demonstrated the ability to open explosives flowers adapted birds.

Visiting flowers can be dangerous business. Many bugs and crab spiders murderous hide in flowers to capture unwary bees. Other bees are lost to birds in flight. Insecticides used on blooming plants kill many bees, both by direct poisoning and contamination of the food they eat. The value of the fraction of bees depends partly on the effectiveness of individual bees, but also from the same population. Thus, while bumblebees have been found about ten times more efficient pollinators on cucurbits, the total return of a colony of bees is much greater because a larger number. other bee species, such as Mason bees are increasingly cultured and used to meet the pollination needs of agriculture.

Native pollinators include bumblebees and solitary bees, which often survive in refuge in wild areas away from agricultural spraying, but it can still be poisoned in massive spray programs for mosquitoes, moths, insects or other pests. The rules of the law of the United Kingdom in 1980, API has been designed to stop the decline of bees Bees, like ants, are a specialized form of wasp. The ancestors of bees were wasps in the family Crabronidae, and therefore predators of other insects. Recently reported bee fossil, Melittosphex example, is considered "an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea sister to modern bees," and dates of Early Cretaceous (about 100 million years).

The first flowers were pollinated animal pollinated by insects such as beetles, so that the syndrome of insect pollination was well established before bees first appeared.  Among the groups of bees living, the "short-tongued" bee family Colletidae taxon has traditionally been considered more "primitive", and his sister for the rest of the bees. This subject is still under debate, and phylogenetic relationships among bee families are poorly understood. Bees may be solitary or live in different communities. The most advanced of these are eusocial colonies found among the bees, bumble bees and stingless bees. Sociality, of several types, is believed to have evolved separately many times within the bees.

There are many species of eusocial bees highly eusocial bees more primitive, but have rarely been studied. The vast majority are in the family Halictidae, or "sweat bees". The Most species have a single season colony cycle, even in the tropics, and only mated females (future queens, or "gynes") hibernate (called diapause). Some species have long active seasons and attain colony sizes in the hundreds. The orchid bees include a number of primitive eusocial species with similar biology. Some species of bees allodapine (carpenter bees relatives) also primitively eusocial colonies, with unusual levels of interaction between adult bees and brood in the developing world. This system is also visible in some bees and bumblebees.

Highly eusocial bees live in colonies. Each colony has one queen, many workers and, in certain phases of the colony cycle, drones. Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris, Bombus pratorum, et al.) The queen starts a nest on its own (unlike queens of honey bees and stingless bees which start nests by swarms in the company of a large labor force). Bumblebee colonies are generally 50 to 200 bees at peak population, which occurs in mid to late summer. Nest architecture is simple, limited by the size of the nest cavity (pre-existing), and colonies are rarely perennial. Bumblebee queens sometimes seek winter refuge in beehives, where they are sometimes found dead in the spring by beekeepers, said probably to death by bees.

Bees most other families, including species of bees, like carpenter bee eastern (Xylocopa virginica), alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata), orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria) and hornfaced bee (Osmia cornifrons ) are solitary in the sense that every woman is fertile, and generally inhabits a nest she constructs. There are no worker bees for these species. Solitary bees usually produce no honey or beeswax. They are immune to the mites and Varroa mites, but have their own parasites, pests and diseases (see also bee diseases). Solitary bees are important pollinators, and pollen is collected to supply the nest with food for their offspring. Some solitary bees have very advanced types of pollen carrying structures on their bodies. A very few species of solitary bees are increasingly cultured for commercial pollination.

Solitary bees are often oligoleges, since only gather pollen from one or a few species or genera of plants, in contrast to bees and bumblebees which are generalists). There are known bees are nectar specialists oligolectic many bees will visit multiple plants for nectar, but there are no bees which visit only one plant for nectar while also gathering pollen from many different sources . Specialized pollinators also include bee species that gather floral oils instead of pollen, and male orchid bees, which gather aromatic compounds from orchids (one of the only cases where male bees are effective pollinators ). In very rare cases a single species of bee can effectively pollinate a plant species, and some plants are in danger, at least in part because their pollinator is dying.

Solitary bees create nests in hollow reeds or twigs, holes in wood, or, more commonly, in tunnels in the ground. A nest may consist of many cells. Provide nest boxes for solitary bees is increasingly popular for gardeners. Solitary bees are either stingless or very unlikely to sting (only in self defense, if ever). Large groups of solitary bee nests are called aggregations, to distinguish them from colonies. Cleptoparasitic bees, commonly called "cuckoo bees" because their behavior is similar to cuckoo birds, occur in several bee families, though the name is technically best applied to the subfamily Nomadinae APID. Females of these bees have no pollen gathering structures (broom), and they build their nests. typically enter the nests of pollen collecting species and lay their eggs in the cells indicated by the host bee.

When the cuckoo bee larva hatches it consumes pollen ball of the host larva, and if the kleptoparasite women have not already done so, kills and eats the host larva. In some cases where the hosts are social species, the kleptoparasite remains in the host nest and lays many eggs, sometimes even killing the host queen and replacing it. Cleptoparasitic many bees are closely related, and resemble, their hosts in looks and size, (ie, the Bombus subgenus Psithyrus, which are parasitic bumblebees that infiltrate nests of other species in the subgenera of Bombus). Others parasitize bees in different families, as a Townsendiella Nomadine ApID, a species in a Hesperapis kleptoparasite dasypodaid gender, while other birds and bees, which are generally halictid attack.

Four bee families (Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae and Apidae) contain some species that are crepuscular (this may be the type of Vespertine or morning). This led to widespread belief, that bees "violate aerodynamic theory", but in reality it merely confirms that bees do not engage fixed-wing flight, and that their flight is explained by the mechanics, such as those used by helicopters. In 2005, Michael Dickinson and his Caltech colleagues studied honey bee flight with the help of high-speed cinematography and a giant robotic mock-up of a bee wing. Increased frequency of flapping wings with decreasing size of the genre, but as a flapping of bees covering a small flap of approximately 230 times per second, faster than a fly (200 times per second) which is 80 times smaller.

Journalist Bee Wilson states that the image of a community of bees "occurs from ancient to modern times, in Aristotle and Plato, Virgil and Seneca, in Erasmus and Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and by social theorists Bernard Mandeville and Karl Marx. Despite the pain of bee stings and the stereotype of insects as pests, bees are generally held in high esteem. Bees are one of the few insects used on advertisements frequently used to illustrate honey and foods made with honey (as Honey Nut Cheerios). In ancient Egypt, the bee was seen to symbolize the land of Lower Egypt, with Pharaoh being listed as "He who Sedge and Bee" (sedge represents Upper Egypt). Although a bee sting can be fatal for people with allergies, virtually all species of bees are not aggressive so quiet and many can not sting at all. Humans are often a greater danger to bees, how bees can be affected or injured by encounters with toxic chemicals in the environment (see also Bees and toxic chemicals).

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Bear

  

The Biggest Animals Kingdom and in The World | Bear | The English word "bear" comes from Old English Bera and belongs to a family name for the bear in the Germanic languages, originally an adjective meaning "brown." In Scandinavia the word for bear is Björn (or Bjørn), and is a relatively common name given to men. The theory of the bear taboo is taught to almost all beginning students of Indo-European language and the historical, the supposed original PIE word for bear is itself descriptive, because a cognate word in Sanskrit rakṣas, meaning "harm injury

Bears are usually bulky and robust animals, having relatively short legs. The bears are sexually dimorphic with respect to size, with males being larger. Larger species tend to have higher levels of sexual dimorphism compared to smaller species, and as a species varies in size between individuals of the size distribution of large areas also tend to vary more. Bears are the most massive terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, with some polar bears and brown bears weighing over 750 kg (1,700 lb). Because that is the largest species may depend on whether the assessment is based on what types of the largest individuals (brown bear) or more average size (polar bears) has. The bears are smaller Asian Sun Bears, with an average of 65 kg (140 lb) for men and 45 kg (99 lb) for women to weigh.

Unlike the terrestrial carnivorans, bears are plantigrade. Bears can stand on their hind legs and sit up straight with remarkable balance. Bears have an excellent sense of smell, sense of smell better than dogs (Canidae), or any other mammal. Smell is the primary sense used by bears to find more of her diet. Polar bears are displayed on the second carnassials re-evolved fully functional, as their diet changed back to carnivory. Bears are found mainly in the northern hemisphere, with a single species, the spectacled bear, which is in South America Atlas Bear, a subspecies of the brown bear, the bear was only from Africa.

The most common species is the brown bear, east of Western Europe is via Asia to the western areas of North America. The American black bear is limited to North America, like the polar bear is limited to the Arctic Sea. All other species are Asian. With the exception of the polar bears are primarily forest species. Some species, especially the brown bear per season may occupy or use other areas, such as scrubs or alpine tundra.

 The sloth bear Asia is the night of bears, but this varies from individual and females with cubs are often during the day to compete with men and bears occur are usually solitary nocturnal predators and are considered the most anti-social all Carnivora. Links between breeding boars are short, and the only time that the bears are found in small groups, young mothers with rewards seasonal or occasional foods (such as salmon runs).

Masts can be very important to the diet of this species, and mast failures can result in long-distance movements by bears looking for alternative sources of food. An exception is the polar bear who has a diet mainly of marine mammals to survive in the Arctic. All bears eat sources of food available, and the nature of which vary seasonally. Although (besides Polar Bears), both species of black bear and grizzly bear can sometimes lead to large prey such as ungulates.

Mother bears can also tend to defend their cubs against other predators. The tiger is the only known predator and prey, known in adult bears regularly, including sloth bears, Asian black bears, pandas, bears and brown bears small. The age of the bears reach sexual maturity is highly variable, both between and within species. The bear's courtship period is very short. Bears in northern climates reproduce season, usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation, although tropical species produce throughout the year. Puppies are born toothless, blind, and bald. The cubs of brown bears, usually born in litters of 1-3, usually stay with their mother for two full seasons.

Bears reach sexual maturity in five to seven years. Male bears, polar bears and especially Brown, will sometimes kill and devour boy born to another father, a wife to return to induce breeding. Some species like the polar bear, American black bear, sloth bear and brown bear, are dangerous to humans, especially in areas where they have become accustomed to humans. Injuries caused by bears are rare, but they are often widely publicized. Bears may also conflict with people raid attack crops or livestock. These problems may be the work of only a few bears, but to create a climate of conflict as farmers realize all losses caused by bears and defense of the preventive removal of all bears. Mitigation methods can be used to bear damage to crops, and reducing the place to antipathy bears

The laws were adopted in many areas of the world to protect bears from hunters destroy 'habitat. The public perception of bears is often very positive, as people identify with bears because of their omnivorous diet, the ability to stand on two legs, and the symbolic meaning, and there is broad support for bear protection in any case in more affluent societies. Some areas with bear populations also forbade the eating of bears, including giving them access to garbage or other food waste. The bears were held before the fighting in Europe since at least the 16th century.

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